For other uses, see Homo. Homo is the genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives. The genus is estimated to be about 2.5 million years old, evolving from Australopithecine ancestors with the appearance of Homo habilis. Appearance of Homo coincides with the first evidence of stone tools (the Oldowan industry), and thus by definition with the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic.
All species except Homo sapiens (modern humans) are extinct. Homo neanderthalensis, traditionally considered the last surviving relative, died out 24,000 years ago while a recent discovery suggests that another species, Homo floresiensis, may have lived as recently as 12,000 years ago.
A minority of zoologists consider that the two species of chimpanzees (usually treated in the genus Pan), and maybe the gorillas (usually treated in the genus Gorilla) should also be included in the genus based on genetic similarities. Most scientists argue that chimpanzees and gorillas have too many anatomical differences between themselves and humans to be part of Homo. Given the large number of morphological similarities exhibited, Homo is closely related to several extinct hominin genera, most notably Kenyanthropus, Paranthropus and Australopithecus. As of 2007[update], no taxon is universally accepted as the origin of the radiation of Homo.
The word homo is Latin for "man", in the original sense of "human being", or "person". The word "human" itself is from Latin humanus, an adjective cognate to homo, both thought to derive from a Proto-Indo-European word reconstructed as*dhǵhem- "earth"[1]. Cf. Hebrew adam, meaning "human", cognate to adamah, meaning "ground". (And cf. Latin humus, meaning "soil".)
Species
Comparative table of Homo species
| Species |
Lived when (mya) |
Lived where |
Adult height (m) |
Adult mass (kg) |
Brain volume (cm³) |
Fossil record |
Discovery / publication of name |
| H. habilis |
2.2 – 1.6 |
Africa |
1.0–1.5 |
30–55 |
660 |
many |
1960/1964 |
| H. erectus |
2 – 0.03 |
Africa, Eurasia (Java, China, Caucasus) |
1.8 |
60 |
850 (early) – 1100 (late) |
many |
1891/1892 |
| H. rudolfensis |
1.9 |
Kenya |
|
|
|
1 skull |
1972/1986 |
| H. georgicus |
1.8 |
Republic of Georgia |
|
|
600 |
few |
1999/2002 |
| H. ergaster |
1.9 – 1.4 |
E. and S. Africa |
1.9 |
|
700–850 |
many |
1975 |
| H. antecessor |
1.2 – 0.8 |
Spain |
1.75 |
90 |
1000 |
2 sites |
1997 |
| H. cepranensis |
0.9 – 0.8? |
Italy |
|
|
1000 |
1 skull cap |
1994/2003 |
| H. heidelbergensis |
0.6 – 0.25 |
Europe, Africa, China |
1.8 |
60 |
1100–1400 |
many |
1908 |
| H. neanderthalensis |
0.35 – 0.03 |
Europe, W. Asia |
1.6 |
55–70 (heavily built) |
1200–1700 |
many |
(1829)/1864 |
| H. rhodesiensis |
0.3 – 0.12 |
Zambia |
|
|
1300 |
very few |
1921 |
| H. sapiens sapiens |
0.25 – present |
worldwide |
1.4–1.9 |
50-100 |
1000–1850 |
still living |
—/1758 |
| H. sapiens idaltu |
0.16 – 0.15 |
Ethiopia |
|
|
1450 |
3 craniums |
1997/2003 |
| H. floresiensis |
0.10 – 0.012 |
Indonesia |
1.0 |
25 |
400 |
7 individuals |
2003/2004 |
Species status of Homo rudolfensis, H. ergaster, H. georgicus, H. antecessor, H. cepranensis, H. rhodesiensis and H. floresiensis remains under debate. H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis are closely related to each other and have been considered to be subspecies of H. sapiens, but analysis of mitochondrial DNA from Homo neanderthalensis fossils shows that H. neanderthalensis is more closely related to chimpanzees than H. sapiens is, thereby suggesting that H. sapiens is the more derived of the two.[2]
References
External links
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